{"id":6843,"date":"2015-11-18T12:17:54","date_gmt":"2015-11-18T12:17:54","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/womensaid.org.uk\/?page_id=6843"},"modified":"2025-12-16T16:25:44","modified_gmt":"2025-12-16T16:25:44","slug":"domestic-abuse-is-a-gendered-crime","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/womensaid.org.uk\/information-support\/what-is-domestic-abuse\/domestic-abuse-is-a-gendered-crime\/","title":{"rendered":"Domestic abuse is a gendered crime"},"content":{"rendered":"\t\t<div data-elementor-type=\"wp-page\" data-elementor-id=\"6843\" class=\"elementor elementor-6843\" data-elementor-post-type=\"page\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<section class=\"elementor-section elementor-top-section elementor-element elementor-element-1fb2e31a elementor-section-boxed elementor-section-height-default elementor-section-height-default\" data-id=\"1fb2e31a\" data-element_type=\"section\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-container elementor-column-gap-default\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-column elementor-col-100 elementor-top-column elementor-element elementor-element-398dfe47\" data-id=\"398dfe47\" data-element_type=\"column\">\n\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-wrap elementor-element-populated\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-7683e8cc elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"7683e8cc\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h1><span class=\"TextRun SCXW3478890 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightRest SCXW3478890 BCX8\">Why do we say domestic abuse is <strong>gendered?<\/strong><\/span><\/span><\/h1>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ab94f41 elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ab94f41\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d754a5a elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"d754a5a\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h2><span data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"TextRun SCXW209954556 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209954556 BCX8\">Every case of domestic abuse should be taken seriously and <\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun AdvancedProofingIssueV2Themed SCXW209954556 BCX8\">each individual<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209954556 BCX8\">\u00a0given access to the support they need. All victims should be able to access\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209954556 BCX8\">appropriate support<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW209954556 BCX8\">.\u202f\u202f<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW209954556 BCX8\" data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h2><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Whilst both men and women may experience incidents of inter-personal violence and abuse, there are\u00a0important differences\u00a0between male violence against women and female violence against men, namely the amount,\u00a0severity\u00a0and impact. Women experience higher rates of repeated victimisation and are much more likely to be seriously hurt (Walby and Allen, 2004; Walby and Towers, 2018) or killed than male victims of domestic abuse (ONS, 2025a).\u00a0<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Further to that, women are more likely to experience higher levels of fear and are more likely to be subjected to coercive and controlling behaviours (Dobash\u00a0and\u00a0Dobash, 2004; Hester, 2013; Myhill, 2015). It is particularly important to understand that men do not experience domestic abuse as part of embedded, structural inequalities against their sex. For women, however, domestic abuse is deeply rooted in inequalities between women and men. Other forms of inequality (such as racism, ageism, discrimination against disabled women and women who self-define as LGBT+) also intersect with sexual inequality to affect a woman\u2019s experiences of domestic abuse.\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/p><p><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Domestic abuse perpetrated by men against women is rooted in women\u2019s unequal status in society and is part of the wider social problem of male violence against women and girls. We found in our research with the University of Bristol that sexism and misogyny set the scene for male abusive partners\u2019 coercive and controlling behaviours. Sexism and misogyny serve to excuse abusive behaviour by men in intimate relationships with women and put up barriers to female survivors being believed and supported to leave abusive men (Women\u2019s Aid et al, 2021). Read the blog about this research <a href=\"https:\/\/www.womensaid.org.uk\/its-time-to-flip-the-sexist-script-2\/\">here<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-24dd30b elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"24dd30b\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-bdf683f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"bdf683f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<p><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">The United Nations defines gender-based violence in the following way:<\/span><\/b><\/p>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-d3ab553 elementor-blockquote--skin-quotation elementor-blockquote--button-color-official elementor-widget elementor-widget-blockquote\" data-id=\"d3ab553\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"blockquote.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<blockquote class=\"elementor-blockquote\">\n\t\t\t<p class=\"elementor-blockquote__content\">\n\t\t\t\t\u201cThe definition of discrimination includes gender-based violence, that is, violence that is directed against a woman because she is a woman or that affects women disproportionately. It includes acts that inflict physical, mental or sexual harm or suffering, threats of such acts, coercion and other deprivations of liberty.\u201d \t\t\t<\/p>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-q-footer\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<cite class=\"elementor-blockquote__author\">(CEDAW 1992: para. 6)<\/cite>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/blockquote>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-06955ba elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"06955ba\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-21491b6 elementor-widget elementor-widget-toggle\" data-id=\"21491b6\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"toggle.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-toggle-item\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-title-3491\" class=\"elementor-tab-title\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"button\" aria-controls=\"elementor-tab-content-3491\" aria-expanded=\"false\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon elementor-toggle-icon-left\" aria-hidden=\"true\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-closed\"><i class=\"fas fa-caret-right\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened\"><i class=\"elementor-toggle-icon-opened fas fa-caret-up\"><\/i><\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-toggle-title\" tabindex=\"0\">Key statistics<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\n\t\t\t\t\t<div id=\"elementor-tab-content-3491\" class=\"elementor-tab-content elementor-clearfix\" data-tab=\"1\" role=\"region\" aria-labelledby=\"elementor-tab-title-3491\"><ul><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">In the year ending March 2025, data supplied from 32 police forces showed that the victim was female in 72.1% of domestic abuse-related crimes recorded by the police, compared with 27.9% of domestic abuse-related crimes where the victim was male (ONS, 2025a).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Over 80% (83%) of high frequency victims (more than 10 crimes) are women (from a study of data from the Crime Survey for England and Wales, a nationally representative household survey) (Walby and Towers, 2018).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">On Track national data<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/womensaid.org.uk\/information-support\/what-is-domestic-abuse\/domestic-abuse-is-a-gendered-crime\/#footnote\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">1<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"none\">\u00a0relating to female service users shows that\u00a0the overwhelming majority of\u00a0the alleged perpetrators are male (93.8% of perpetrators were male and 80.0% were the current or ex-partner of the survivor) (Women\u2019s Aid, 2025).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The majority of\u00a0domestic homicide victims (killed by ex\/partner or a family member) for the year ending March 2022 to the year e<\/span><span data-contrast=\"none\">nding March 2024 were female (69.6%, or 245 victims) and most of the suspects were male (235 out of 245) (ONS, 2025a). In\u00a0the majority of\u00a0female domestic homicides, the suspect was a male partner or ex-partner (72.7%),\u00a0whereas\u00a0in\u00a0the majority of\u00a0male domestic homicides, the suspect was a male family member (58.9%) (ONS, 2025a).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">The total number of women killed by a partner\/ex-partner over this three-year period was 178.\u00a0All of\u00a0the suspects were male. This means that over a three-year period on average at least one woman a week was killed by a male partner\/ex-partner (ONS, 2025a).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Where women were killed by a family member (67 victims), the suspect was a male family member in 57 out of 67 homicides (ONS, 2025a).\u202f\u00a0\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">Almost all (97.5%) those convicted for controlling or coercive behaviour in England and Wales in the year ending December 2024 were male \u2013 832 out of 853 (ONS, 2025b). The ONS publication does not give the sex of the victims here, but we know from other research that\u00a0the majority of\u00a0victims are likely to be women. A study of Merseyside Police domestic abuse data found that 95% of coercive control victims were women (Barlow\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">et al,\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">2018).\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">One study of crime survey data found that women are far more likely than men to be the victims of coercive controlling behaviour abuse that involves ongoing degradation and frightening threats \u2013 two key elements of coercive control. Working within the limitations of the current crime survey questions, the study found that among intimate personal violence victims who had experienced only one abusive relationship since the age of 16, almost a third (30%, n = 791) of the abuse reported by female respondents could be classified as coercive control in this way, contrasting with only 6% (n = 52) of the abuse reported by male respondents (Myhill, 2015).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">A survey of male heterosexual patients in GP practices found that while more than half (52.5%) of the men reported experiencing potentially harmful physical, emotional or sexual behaviour from a partner, only 4.4% of the men experienced coercive controlling violence and of those nearly half also reported perpetration against their partner (Hester\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">et al,\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">2017).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">One study of 96 cases of domestic abuse recorded by the police found that men are significantly more likely to be repeat perpetrators and significantly more likely than women to use physical violence, threats, and harassment. In a six-year tracking period\u00a0the majority of\u00a0recorded male perpetrators (83%) had at least two incidents of recorded abuse, with many having a lot more than two and one man having 52 repeat incidents. Whereas in cases where women were recorded as the perpetrator the majority (62%) had only one incident of abuse recorded and the highest number of repeat incidents for any female perpetrator was eight. The study also found that men\u2019s violence tended to create a context of\u00a0fear and control, which was not the case when women were perpetrators (Hester, 2013).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">A study involving in-depth interviews with couples affected by intimate partner violence (95 men and 95 women) found strong gender asymmetry in experiences of domestic abuse. Both the quantitative and qualitative evidence suggested that, apart from a few men who had suffered serious injuries, men tended to view the domestic abuse by female perpetrators as \u201crelatively inconsequential and of no lasting effect\u201d, whereas female victims of domestic abuse by men tended to express \u201cfear, bewilderment and helplessness\u201d (Dobash\u00a0and\u00a0Dobash, 2004).\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><li><span data-contrast=\"none\">In 90.9% of domestic abuse-related sexual offences in the year ending March 2025 there was a female victim (in 9.1% there was a male victim) (data supplied from 32 police forces in England and Wales) (ONS, 2025a). A research study on the relationship between stalking and homicide looking at 358 cases of criminal homicide between 2012 and 2014, involving a female victim and male perpetrator, found that in 71% of cases the victim and perpetrator were in, or had previously had, an intimate relationship (Monkton Smith\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"none\">et al,\u00a0<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"none\">2017)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/li><\/ul><\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-9bd8ab2 elementor-widget elementor-widget-button\" data-id=\"9bd8ab2\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"button.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-button-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<a class=\"elementor-button elementor-button-link elementor-size-sm\" href=\"https:\/\/www.womensaid.org.uk\/who-is-missing-in-the-data-what-the-available-data-on-domestic-abuse-does-and-doesnt-tell-us-about-womens-experiences\/\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-content-wrapper\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-button-text\">Please see this blog for a discussion on the gendered nature of domestic abuse<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/a>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ac1716e elementor-widget-divider--view-line elementor-widget elementor-widget-divider\" data-id=\"ac1716e\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"divider.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-divider\">\n\t\t\t<span class=\"elementor-divider-separator\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/span>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<\/section>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-ed800bd e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"ed800bd\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-2b93d1f elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"2b93d1f\" data-element_type=\"widget\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6><b><span data-contrast=\"none\">References<\/span><\/b><span data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:240,&quot;335559740&quot;:276}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Barlow, C.,\u00a0Walklate, S., Johnson, K., Humphreys,\u00a0L.\u00a0and Kirby, S. (2018)<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Police responses to coercive control.<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Published<\/span><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><a href=\"http:\/\/n8prp.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2018\/06\/Police-responses-to-coercive-control.pdf\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: N8 Policing Research Partnership\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Dobash, R.P. and\u00a0Dobash, R.E. (2004) \u2018Women\u2019s violence to men in intimate relationships. Working on a Puzzle\u2019,\u00a0British Journal of Criminology, 44(3).\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Hester, M. (2013) \u2018Who Does What to Whom? Gender and Domestic Violence Perpetrators in English Police Records\u2019,\u00a0European Journal of Criminology, 10.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Hester, M., Jones, C., Williamson, E., Fahmy, E., &amp; Feder, G. (2017) \u2018Is\u00a0it\u00a0coercive controlling violence? A cross-sectional domestic violence and abuse survey of men attending general practice in England.\u2019 Psychology of Violence, 7(3), 417-427.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Monckton Smith, J., Szymanska, K., and Haile, S. (2017) Exploring the Relationship between Stalking and Homicide. Published\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.suzylamplugh.org\/Handlers\/Download.ashx?IDMF=1a6cf4d9-0df5-42be-8b02-4bdbd75fa264\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">: University of Gloucestershire, in association with Suzy Lamplugh Trust.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Myhill, A. (2015) \u2018Measuring coercive control: what can we learn from national population surveys?\u2019 Violence Against Women. 21(3), pp. 355-375.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2025a)\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Domestic abuse victim characteristics,\u00a0England\u00a0and Wales: year ending March 2025<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Available\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/articles\/domesticabusevictimcharacteristicsenglandandwales\/yearendingmarch2025\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Office for National Statistics (ONS). (2025b). Dataset. Domestic abuse and the criminal justice system, November 2025 edition. Available\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.ons.gov.uk\/peoplepopulationandcommunity\/crimeandjustice\/datasets\/domesticabuseandthecriminaljusticesystemappendixtables\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Walby, S. &amp; Allen, J. (2004) Domestic Violence, Sexual Assault and Stalking: Findings from the British Crime Survey. Home Office Research Study 276. London: Home Office. Available\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/openaccess.city.ac.uk\/id\/eprint\/21697\/1\/Domesticviolencefindings_2004_5BritishCrimeSurvey276.pdf\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Walby, S. and Towers, J. (2018) \u201cUntangling the concept of coercive control: Theorizing domestic violent crime\u201d, Criminology &amp; Criminal Justice, Vol 18, Issue 1. Available\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/1748895817743541\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Women\u2019s Aid, Hester, M., Walker, S-J., and Williamson, E. (2021) Gendered experiences of justice and domestic abuse. Evidence for policy and practice. Bristol: Women\u2019s Aid\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">Women\u2019s Aid. (2025). On Track Data Briefing: 2023-2024.\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.womensaid.org.uk\/wp-content\/uploads\/2025\/01\/On-Track-Briefing-23-24.pdf\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">Available online.<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6><h6><span data-contrast=\"auto\">UN Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW). (1992)\u00a0<\/span><i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">CEDAW General Recommendation No. 19: Violence against women<\/span><\/i><span data-contrast=\"auto\">. Available\u00a0<\/span><a href=\"https:\/\/www.refworld.org\/legal\/resolution\/cedaw\/1992\/en\/96542\"><span data-contrast=\"none\">online<\/span><\/a><span data-contrast=\"auto\">.\u202f\u202f<\/span><span data-ccp-props=\"{}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-f78aae2 e-flex e-con-boxed e-con e-parent\" data-id=\"f78aae2\" data-element_type=\"container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t<div class=\"e-con-inner\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-element elementor-element-19c4e30 elementor-widget elementor-widget-text-editor\" data-id=\"19c4e30\" data-element_type=\"widget\" id=\"footnote\" data-widget_type=\"text-editor.default\">\n\t\t\t\t<div class=\"elementor-widget-container\">\n\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<h6>1. <span class=\"TextRun SCXW49824386 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"none\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun CommentHighlightPipeRest SCXW49824386 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"paragraph\" data-ccp-parastyle-defn=\"{&quot;ObjectId&quot;:&quot;aaed607e-c2a3-5841-9fb4-41037bfa0faf|1&quot;,&quot;ClassId&quot;:1073872969,&quot;Properties&quot;:[201342446,&quot;1&quot;,201342447,&quot;5&quot;,201342448,&quot;1&quot;,201342449,&quot;1&quot;,469777841,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777842,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777843,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,469777844,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,201341986,&quot;1&quot;,469769226,&quot;Times New Roman&quot;,268442635,&quot;24&quot;,469775450,&quot;paragraph&quot;,201340122,&quot;2&quot;,134233614,&quot;true&quot;,469778129,&quot;paragraph&quot;,335572020,&quot;1&quot;,335559705,&quot;2057&quot;,335559740,&quot;240&quot;,201341983,&quot;0&quot;,134233118,&quot;true&quot;,134233117,&quot;true&quot;,469778324,&quot;Normal&quot;]}\">The Women\u2019s Aid case management and outcomes\u00a0<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49824386 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"paragraph\">monitoring<\/span><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49824386 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"paragraph\">\u00a0system.<\/span><\/span><span class=\"TextRun SCXW49824386 BCX8\" lang=\"EN-GB\" xml:lang=\"EN-GB\" data-contrast=\"auto\"><span class=\"NormalTextRun SCXW49824386 BCX8\" data-ccp-parastyle=\"paragraph\">\u00a0<\/span><\/span><span class=\"EOP SCXW49824386 BCX8\" data-ccp-props=\"{&quot;134233117&quot;:false,&quot;134233118&quot;:false,&quot;201341983&quot;:0,&quot;335559731&quot;:0,&quot;335559738&quot;:0,&quot;335559739&quot;:0,&quot;335559740&quot;:240}\">\u00a0<\/span><\/h6>\t\t\t\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t\t\t<\/div>\n\t\t","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Why do we say domestic abuse is gendered? Every case of domestic abuse should be taken seriously and each individual\u00a0given access to the support they need. All victims should be able to access\u00a0appropriate support.\u202f\u202f\u00a0\u00a0 Whilst both men and women may experience incidents of inter-personal violence and abuse, there are\u00a0important differences\u00a0between male violence against women and [&hellip;]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":881,"featured_media":13203,"parent":6835,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"pmpro_default_level":"","inline_featured_image":false,"site-sidebar-layout":"default","site-content-layout":"","ast-site-content-layout":"default","site-content-style":"default","site-sidebar-style":"default","ast-global-header-display":"","ast-banner-title-visibility":"","ast-main-header-display":"","ast-hfb-above-header-display":"","ast-hfb-below-header-display":"","ast-hfb-mobile-header-display":"","site-post-title":"","ast-breadcrumbs-content":"","ast-featured-img":"","footer-sml-layout":"","theme-transparent-header-meta":"default","adv-header-id-meta":"","stick-header-meta":"","header-above-stick-meta":"","header-main-stick-meta":"","header-below-stick-meta":"","astra-migrate-meta-layouts":"set","ast-page-background-enabled":"default","ast-page-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-4)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"ast-content-background-meta":{"desktop":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"tablet":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""},"mobile":{"background-color":"var(--ast-global-color-5)","background-image":"","background-repeat":"repeat","background-position":"center center","background-size":"auto","background-attachment":"scroll","background-type":"","background-media":"","overlay-type":"","overlay-color":"","overlay-opacity":"","overlay-gradient":""}},"footnotes":""},"categories":[],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-6843","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","pmpro-has-access"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v25.3 - 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